That looks like mostly salt crystals, with a bit of rust and carbon deposits. Nothing unexpected in an exhaust elbow. The elbows do eventually need replacing (aftermarket stainless steel versions are available).
The MD2020 elbow is not a great design in terms of deflecting water the right way, so it's probably not unexpected to find some of this before the water injection point - but it if it goes back into the HE, check for blockages down the line.
Impellers normally just lose entire blades, which do not fit through the heat exchanger tube stack, so you wouldn't see them there and they would be in the wet part and get flushed out.